Laos has a low risk of malaria overall, with very low risk in Vientiane. For many short urban trips, bite avoidance and knowing the symptoms are the main steps. Malaria tablets may be considered in exceptional situations, especially for higher-risk travellers or longer, more remote stays. Border areas and individual medical factors can alter the advice. Daytime mosquitoes deserve just as much respect. Dengue, Zika and chikungunya are all risks in Laos, and there is no simple tablet that prevents them. Pregnant travellers, or couples planning pregnancy soon after travel, should discuss Zika carefully before booking. Japanese encephalitis occurs countrywide, with risk throughout the year and higher activity reported from June to September. Vaccination is more likely to be discussed for month-long stays, frequent travel, rural accommodation, rice field exposure, outdoor evening activity or uncertain itineraries. Hepatitis A and typhoid are commonly considered because both link to food, water and sanitation. Tetanus should be up to date, particularly where medical care may be limited. Hepatitis B may be relevant for longer stays, sexual exposure, medical or dental treatment, contact sports or work involving blood. Rabies is also present, mainly through animal bites or scratches, so children, cyclists, runners and long-stay travellers should raise this during consultation. Laos also has polio considerations for some travellers, including possible exit certificate requirements for stays of four weeks or more.